Aplicación de protocolos ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) en pacientes cistectomizados: el camino hacia la estandarización. Una revisión sistemática / Implementation of ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) protocols for radical cystectomy patients: The pathway to standardization. A systematic review

CONTEXTO: El desarrollo de protocolos ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) en pacientes sometidos a cirugía mayor ha aportado beneficios perioperatorios en diversas disciplinas. En urología, su principal aplicación se centra en pacientes sometidos a cistectomía radical. OBJETIVO: Revisión sistemática de la literatura disponible de protocolos ERAS aplicados a pacientes intervenidos de cistectomía radical, tanto a nivel de resultados perioperatorios como en el análisis de su implementación. Adquisición de la evidencia: Se realizó búsqueda bibliográfica en base de datos electrónicas Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane y Scopus, utilizando los términos «Cystectomy», «Enhanced Recovery After Surgery» y «Fast-Track». Se seleccionaron estudios aleatorizados y no aleatorizados que comparasen la implementación de un protocolo ERAS en pacientes sometidos a cistectomía radical frente a un protocolo tradicional. Síntesis de la evidencia: Se identificaron 869 artículos; 25 fueron seleccionados para el análisis final: 22 estudios no aleatorizados y 3 aleatorizados. No se detectaron diferencias en cuanto a características demográficas entre los distintos estudios. Se identificaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas a favor del protocolo ERAS en tiempo de estancia hospitalaria, tasa de complicaciones mayores, tiempo a primera deambulación y recuperación intestinal. En el análisis de protocolos se detectó una alta variabilidad, tanto en número de ítems como en método de implementación. CONCLUSIONES: El carácter multidisciplinar y el número de ítems de los protocolos ERAS conlleva una alta heterogeneidad en su implementación. Se requieren más estudios aleatorizados, estandarización a la hora de reportar y analizar resultados, así como un análisis sistemático de la adherencia posterior para aumentar la comparabilidad entre grupos

CONTEXT: The development of ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) protocols in patients undergoing major surgery has brought perioperative benefits in several disciplines. Its main application in urology is focused on patients undergoing radical cystectomy. OBJECTIVE: Systematic review of the available literature on ERAS protocols applied to patients undergoing radical cystectomy in terms of perioperative outcomes as well in the analysis of their implementation. Evidence acquisition: A bibliographic search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Scopus, using the terms «Cystectomy», «Enhanced Recovery After Surgery» and «Fast-Track». Randomized and non-randomized studies that compared the implementation of an ERAS protocol versus a traditional protocol in patients undergoing radical cystectomy were selected. Evidence synthesis: 869 articles were identified; 25 were selected for final analysis: 22 non-randomized and 3 randomized studies. No differences were observed in terms of demographic characteristics between studies. Statistically significant differences were identified in favor of the ERAS protocol: length of hospital stay, major complication rate, time to first ambulation and return of bowel function. In the analysis of protocols, a high variability was detected in the number of items and in the implementation method. CONCLUSIONS: The multidisciplinary nature and the number of items of the ERAS protocols imply a high heterogeneity in their implementation. Further randomized studies, standardized reporting and analyzing results, as well as a systematic analysis of subsequent adherence are required to increase comparability between groups

Implementation of ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) protocols for radical cystectomy patients: The pathway to standardization. A systematic review. / Aplicación de protocolos ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) en pacientes cistectomizados: el camino hacia la estandarización. Una revisión sistemática.

CONTEXT: The development of ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) protocols in patients undergoing major surgery has brought perioperative benefits in several disciplines. Its main application in urology is focused on patients undergoing radical cystectomy. OBJECTIVE: Systematic review of the available literature on ERAS protocols applied to patients undergoing radical cystectomy in terms of perioperative outcomes as well in the analysis of their implementation. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A bibliographic search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Scopus, using the terms «Cystectomy¼, «Enhanced Recovery After Surgery¼ and «Fast-Track¼. Randomized and non-randomized studies that compared the implementation of an ERAS protocol versus a traditional protocol in patients undergoing radical cystectomy were selected. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: 869 articles were identified; 25 were selected for final analysis: 22 non-randomized and 3 randomized studies. No differences were observed in terms of demographic characteristics between studies. Statistically significant differences were identified in favor of the ERAS protocol: length of hospital stay, major complication rate, time to first ambulation and return of bowel function. In the analysis of protocols, a high variability was detected in the number of items and in the implementation method. CONCLUSIONS: The multidisciplinary nature and the number of items of the ERAS protocols imply a high heterogeneity in their implementation. Further randomized studies, standardized reporting and analyzing results, as well as a systematic analysis of subsequent adherence are required to increase comparability between groups.

Valoración objetiva de la continencia urinaria precoz mediante el análisis y la visualización de variables intraoperatorias de prostatectomías radicales robóticas con un editor de vídeos / Objective assessment of early urinary continence by analysis and visualisation of intraoperative variables of radical robotic prostatectomies with a video editor

Introducción: La IU tras PR es uno de los factores con mayor impacto en la calidad de vida de los pacientes y en el gasto sanitario asociado. La definición de IU es muy variable en la literatura. De igual modo, son múltiples los factores predictores estudiados que influyen en la recuperación de la continencia posquirúrgica, siendo los más importantes los factores intraoperatorios. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y observacional, desde septiembre del 2008 hasta marzo del 2015. Se realiza el análisis de factores intraoperatorios mediante la visualización, con un editor de vídeos, de 148 pacientes tratados mediante prostatectomía radical asistida por robot, junto con otros factores perioperatorios asociados a la continencia y descritos en la literatura. Valoramos la continencia mediante cuestionarios ICQ, pérdidas urinarias contabilizadas con absorbentes y entrevista clínica en el primer, el tercer y el sexto mes, y al año de la cirugía. Definimos continencia como el no uso de absorbente o uno como protección social o ICQ ≤ 7. Analizamos mediante regresión logística binaria y lineal qué relación tienen las variables intraoperatorias y perioperatorias sobre la continencia urinaria medidas el primer, el tercer y el sexto mes, y al año de la cirugía, y sobre la estabilidad de la continencia. Resultados: En nuestro estudio el 72,9% de los pacientes conseguían estar continentes al año de la cirugía, con un tiempo medio de estabilización de la misma a los 4,3 meses. En nuestro análisis de regresión logística binaria de las variables intraoperatorias, no hemos encontrado una relación significativa con la variable continencia, analizadas durante el primer año. En el análisis de regresión logística lineal hemos encontrado que las suturas libres de tensión tienen un efecto directo positivo (p ≤ 0,05) sobre el tiempo de estabilidad de la continencia, al igual que las pérdidas urinarias medidas en el primer mes de la cirugía. Conclusión: En conclusión, en nuestro estudio encontramos que aquellas suturas libre de tensión pueden ayudar a la estabilidad precoz de la continencia. No hemos encontrado otros predictores intraoperatorios que influyan en la continencia urinaria. Las pérdidas urinarias medidas en el primer mes se relacionan con la recuperación precoz de la continencia

Introduction: UI after RP is a factor that has a major impact on patients' quality of life and the associated healthcare costs. The definition of UI is very variable in the literature. Similarly, a great many predictors have been studied that affect recovery of continence after surgery, the most important of which are intraoperative. Material and methods: a retrospective and observational study performed between September 2008 and March 2015. We studied intraoperative factors through visualisation using a video editor of 148 patients who underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy, together with other perioperative factors associated with continence, and described in the literature. We assessed continence through ICQ questionnaires, urinary loss calculated by pad count, and clinical interview in the first, third, sixth month and at one year after surgery. We defined continence as not having to use a pad or using a pad for protection socially, or an ICQ ≤ 7. We used binary and lineal logistic regression analysis to study the relationship between the intraoperative and perioperative variables on urinary continence measured at the first, third, sixth month and one year after the operation, and on continence stability. Results: In our study, 72.9% of the patients were continent at one year after surgery with a mean continence stabilisation time at 4.3 months. In our lineal logistic regression analyses we found no significant relationship with the continence variable analysed during the first year. In the lineal logistic regression analysis we found that tension-free sutures had a direct positive effect (P≤.05) on the stability time of continence, as well as the urinary losses measured in the first month after surgery. Conclusion: In conclusion, we found in our study that the tension-free sutures were able to help towards early stability of continence. We found no other intraoperative predictors that influenced urinary continence. The urinary losses measured in the first month related to early recovery of continence

Objective assessment of early urinary continence by analysis and visualisation of intraoperative variables of radical robotic prostatectomies with a video editor. / Valoración objetiva de la continencia urinaria precoz mediante el análisis y la visualización de variables intraoperatorias de prostatectomías radicales robóticas con un editor de vídeos.

INTRODUCTION: UI after RP is a factor that has a major impact on patients' quality of life and the associated healthcare costs. The definition of UI is very variable in the literature. Similarly, a great many predictors have been studied that affect recovery of continence after surgery, the most important of which are intraoperative. MATERIAL AND METHODS: a retrospective and observational study performed between September 2008 and March 2015. We studied intraoperative factors through visualisation using a video editor of 148 patients who underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy, together with other perioperative factors associated with continence, and described in the literature. We assessed continence through ICQ questionnaires, urinary loss calculated by pad count, and clinical interview in the first, third, sixth month and at one year after surgery. We defined continence as not having to use a pad or using a pad for protection socially, or an ICQ ≤ 7. We used binary and lineal logistic regression analysis to study the relationship between the intraoperative and perioperative variables on urinary continence measured at the first, third, sixth month and one year after the operation, and on continence stability. RESULTS: In our study, 72.9% of the patients were continent at one year after surgery with a mean continence stabilisation time at 4.3 months. In our lineal logistic regression analyses we found no significant relationship with the continence variable analysed during the first year. In the lineal logistic regression analysis we found that tension-free sutures had a direct positive effect (P≤.05) on the stability time of continence, as well as the urinary losses measured in the first month after surgery. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we found in our study that the tension-free sutures were able to help towards early stability of continence. We found no other intraoperative predictors that influenced urinary continence. The urinary losses measured in the first month related to early recovery of continence.

Tendencia en los tratamientos invasivos en la litiasis urinaria en un hospital de tercer nivel / Invasive treatment trends in urinary calculi in a third level hospital

Objetivo: En el siguiente trabajo se revisa la evolución de los diferentes tratamientos invasivos de la litiasis que se ha producido en nuestro hospital en los últimos 15 años. Material y método: Se han extraído de la base de datos de nuestro hospital los pacientes intervenidos de litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque (LEOC), de cirugía endoscópica y de cirugía abierta y se ha analizado cómo ha evolucionado la incidencia de estos tratamientos en los últimos 15 años. Así mismo se ha estudiado el número de publicaciones en PubMed que hacen referencia a los tratamientos invasivos de la litiasis. Resultados: Desde enero de 1998 hasta diciembre de 2012 se han tratado instrumentalmente de litiasis un total de 10.947 pacientes, 9.695 pacientes (90,4%) de LEOC y 1.034 pacientes de cirugía (9,6%), endoscópica o abierta. La incidencia de tratamientos con litotricia ha tenido su máximo en 2006, presentando posteriormente una disminución progresiva. La incidencia de la cirugía endoscópica ha aumentado progresivamente hasta 2009 para luego mantenerse. Vemos cómo en los últimos años existe un aumento claro de los artículos que tratan de cirugía endoscópica, disminuyendo los trabajos de LEOC. Conclusiones: La LEOC sigue siendo en nuestro medio el tratamiento invasivo para la litiasis más empleado. En los últimos años ha habido una disminución de los tratamientos de LEOC y un aumento de los tratamientos endoscópicos, presentando la cirugía abierta una clara tendencia a la baja

Objective: In the following study, we observe the progress of various invasive calculi treatments that have taken place in our hospital in the last 15 years. Material and method: We extracted data from our hospital database on patients who underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), endoscopic surgery and open surgery. We analyzed how the incidence of these treatments has evolved over the last 15 years. We also studied the number of publications in PubMed that reference invasive calculi treatments. Results: From January 1998 to December 2012, a total of 10,947 patients were treated instrumentally for lithiasis, 9,695 of whom (90.4%) underwent ESWL and 1,034 of whom underwent endoscopic or open surgery (9.6%). The incidence of lithotripsy treatments reached its maximum in 2006, with a progressive reduction thereafter. The incidence of endoscopic surgery increased progressively until 2009 and then leveled off. We can see how in recent years there has been a clear increase in the number of studies that have covered endoscopic surgery, with a decreasing number covering ESWL. Conclusions: In our community, ESWL remains the most widely used invasive treatment for calculi. In recent years, there has been a reduction in the number of ESWL treatments and an increase in the number of endoscopic treatments, with open surgery showing a clearly decreasing trend

Invasive treatment trends in urinary calculi in a third level hospital.

OBJECTIVE: In the following study, we observe the progress of various invasive calculi treatments that have taken place in our hospital in the last 15 years. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We extracted data from our hospital database on patients who underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), endoscopic surgery and open surgery. We analyzed how the incidence of these treatments has evolved over the last 15 years. We also studied the number of publications in PubMed that reference invasive calculi treatments. RESULTS: From January 1998 to December 2012, a total of 10,947 patients were treated instrumentally for lithiasis, 9,695 of whom (90.4%) underwent ESWL and 1,034 of whom underwent endoscopic or open surgery (9.6%). The incidence of lithotripsy treatments reached its maximum in 2006, with a progressive reduction thereafter. The incidence of endoscopic surgery increased progressively until 2009 and then leveled off. We can see how in recent years there has been a clear increase in the number of studies that have covered endoscopic surgery, with a decreasing number covering ESWL. CONCLUSIONS: In our community, ESWL remains the most widely used invasive treatment for calculi. In recent years, there has been a reduction in the number of ESWL treatments and an increase in the number of endoscopic treatments, with open surgery showing a clearly decreasing trend.

Valoración urodinámica de la función vesical y esfinteriana antes y después de la prostatectomía radical asistida por robot / Urodynamic Assessment of Bladder and Urethral Sphincter Function Before and After Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy

Introducción: Está demostrada la existencia de una afectación vesical tras la prostatectomía abierta en relación con la disminución de la capacidad vesical y la acomodación, la hiperactividad o la hipoactividad y la disfunción de vaciado. Comparando el estudio urodinámico preoperatorio con el realizado a los 3 meses tras la prostatectomía, nos proponemos investigar el impacto de la cirugía robótica sobre la función vesical y la esfinteriana. Material y métodos: Hemos evaluado de forma prospectiva a 32 pacientes que de manera consecutiva han sido intervenidos de prostatectomía robótica. A todos estos pacientes se les ha realizado un estudio urodinámico un mes antes de la intervención y otro a los 3 meses tras la prostatectomía radical. Resultados: Hemos detectado una hiperactividad del detrusor en un 25% tras la prostatectomía robótica con una disminución de la acomodación vesical de 30,2 a 21,8 ml/cmH2O. En el perfil uretral hemos encontrado una disminución de la longitud funcional uretral de 67 a 44 mm y de la presión uretral máxima de 48,5 a 29,3 cmH2O. La hipoactividad se ha demostrado en el 21,8% de los pacientes y la obstrucción ha disminuido del 28,1 al 12,5% tras la prostatectomía robótica. Conclusiones: La disminución de la acomodación vesical, la hiperactividad o hipoactividad detrusoriana y la mejoría de la obstrucción en el estudio de presión-flujo se asocian a la afectación esfinteriana formando parte de un síndrome complejo de disfunción del tracto urinario inferior que aparece tras la prostatectomía robótica

Introduction: Affectation of the bladder after open prostatectomy is demonstrated. Decrease in bladder capacity and bladder compliance, detrusor hyper-or hypo-activity and voiding dysfunction are observed. We propose to investigate the effects of robotic surgery on bladder and sphincter function through the comparative study of preoperative and postoperative urodynamic values 3 months after prostatectomy. Material and methods: Prospective study of 32 consecutive patients undergoing robotic prostatectomy. They all underwent urodynamic study one month before the intervention and 3 months after the radical prostatectomy. Results: Twenty-five percent of patients undergoing robotic prostatectomy showed detrusor hyperactivity accompanied by a decrease in bladder compliance of 30.2 to 21.8 ml/cmH2O. Urethral profile showed diminished functional length of 67 to 44 mm and decreased maximum urethral pressure of 48.5 to 29.3 cmH2O. After robotic prostatectomy 21.8% of patients had detrusor hypoactivity, obstruction decreased between 28.1 and 12.5%. Conclusions: Decreased bladder compliance, detrusor hypo- or hyperactivity and obstruction improvement observed in the study of the flow pressure have been associated with sphincter involvement. It is part of the complex of lower urinary tract dysfunction that occurs after robotic prostatectomy

Manejo de la ginecomastia en pacientes con cáncer de próstata y deprivación androgénica / Treatment of gynecomastia in patients with prostate cancer and androgen deprivation

Contexto: La ginecomastia, definida como una proliferación benigna de tejido glandular mamario, se presenta en el varón con una prevalencia entre el 32-72%. En el ámbito de la Urología se asocia a pacientes con cáncer de próstata y tratamiento hormonal, con una prevalencia del 15% en el caso de bloqueo hormonal completo y del 75% en monoterapia. Las diferentes opciones de tratamiento del cáncer de próstata han cambiado en las últimas décadas. Es por este motivo por lo que nos centramos en este tema para valorar las diferentes opciones terapéuticas de la ginecomastia causada por la manipulación hormonal en pacientes con cáncer de próstata. Objetivo: Sintetizar la evidencia disponible sobre las diferentes opciones terapéuticas en pacientes con cáncer de próstata que desarrollan ginecomastia por el uso de antiandrógenos no esteroideos, y generar un algoritmo de diagnóstico y tratamiento. Adquisición de evidencia: Mediante el uso de estrategia de búsqueda estructurada tipo paciente problema, intervención, comparación, outcome o resultado (PICO) en la base de datos de PubMed-Medline y de la Cochrane se llevó a cabo la identificación de estudios relevantes relacionados con el manejo de la ginecomastia en pacientes con CaP tratados con antiandrógenos no esteroideos. Síntesis de evidencia: Nos encontramos con 3 posibles opciones terapéuticas para el manejo de la ginecomastia y la mastodinia en pacientes que realizan tratamientos de deprivación hormonal para el cáncer de próstata. La radioterapia 10 Gy sería una opción para el tratamiento de la ginecomastia, aunque no todos los pacientes necesitan un tratamiento profiláctico, ya que solo el 50% refieren molestias moderadas-severas. Otra opción es el empleo de fármacos como tamoxifeno 20 mg/d que ocasiona una disminución importante de los efectos mamarios. Conclusiones: La ginecomastia y la mastodinia, dada su alta incidencia, hacen que la exploración física sea un arma fundamental para todos los pacientes antes de iniciar un tratamiento con antiandrógenos. El empleo de tamoxifeno 20 mg/d constituye la mejor opción para el tratamiento y la prevención de la ginecomastia y la mastodinia, mientras que en el caso de la ginecomastia establecida de larga evolución la cirugía es el patrón de oro

Context: Gynecomastia, defined as benign proliferation of glandular breast tissue has a prevalence of 32–72% in the male. In the urology setting, it is associated to patients with prostate cancer and hormone treatment with a prevalence of 15% in the case of complete hormone blockage and 75% in monotherapy. The different options of treatment in prostate cancer have changed in recent decades. Thus, we have focused on this subject to evaluate the different therapy options of hormone manipulation induced gynecomastia in prostate cancer patients. Objective: To synthesize the available evidence on the different therapeutic options in prostate cancer patients who develop gynecomastia due to the use of nonsteroidal antiandrogens and to generate a diagnostic algorithm and treatment. Acquisition of evidence: Using the PICO type structured search strategy (patient or problem, intervention, comparison, outcome or result) in the data bases of PubMed-Medline and Cochrane, identification was made of the relevant studies related to the treatment of gynecomastia in prostate cancer patients treated with nonsteroidal antiandrogens. Synthesis of evidence: We have found 3 possible therapeutic options for the treatment of gynecomastia and mastodynia in patients with hormone deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. The 10 Gy radiotherapy would be an option for the treatment of gynecomastia, although not all the patients need prophylactic treatment since only 50% report moderate–severe discomfort. Another option is the use of drugs such as tamoxifen 20 mg/day that lead to a significant decrease in the mammary effects. Conclusions: Gynecomastia and mastodynia, given their high incidence, make the physical examination a fundamental tool for all patients before initiating treatment with antiandrogens. The use of tamoxifen 20 mg/day is the best treatment and prevention option against gynecomastia and mastodynia, while in the case of long-course established gynecomastia, surgery is the gold standard

Treatment of gynecomastia in patients with prostate cancer and androgen deprivation.

CONTEXT: Gynecomastia, defined as benign proliferation of glandular breast tissue has a prevalence of 32% to 72% in the male. In the urology setting, it is associated to patients with prostate cancer and hormone treatment with a prevalence of 15% in the case of complete hormone blockage and 75% in monotherapy. The different options of treatment in prostate cancer have changed in recent decades. Thus, we have focused on this subject to evaluate the different therapy options of hormone manipulation induced gynecomastia in prostate cancer patients. OBJECTIVE: To synthesize the available evidence on the different therapeutic options in prostate cancer patients who develop gynecomastia due to the use of nonsteroidal antiandrogens and to generate a diagnostic algorithm and treatment. ACQUISITION OF EVIDENCE: Using the PICO type structured search strategy (Patient or problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome or result) in the data bases of PubMed-Medline and Cochrane, identification was made of the relevant studies related to the treatment of gynecomastia in Prostate Cancer patients treated with nonsteroidal antiandrogens. SYNTHESIS OF EVIDENCE: We have found 3 possible therapeutic options for the treatment of gynecomastia and mastodynia in patients with hormone deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. The 10Gy radiotherapy would be an option for the treatment of gynecomastia, although not all the patients need prophylactic treatment since only 50% report moderate-severe discomfort. Another option is the use of drugs such as tamoxifen 20mg/day that lead to a significant decrease in the mammary effects. CONCLUSIONS: Gynecomastia and mastodynia, given their high incidence, make the physical examination a fundamental tool for all patients before initiating treatment with antiandrogens. The use of tamoxifen 20mg/day is the best treatment and prevention option against gynecomastia and mastodynia, while in the case of long-course established gynecomastia, surgery is the gold standard.

Urodynamic assessment of bladder and urethral sphincter function before and after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Affectation of the bladder after open prostatectomy is demonstrated. Decrease in bladder capacity and bladder compliance, detrusor hyper-or hypo-activity and voiding dysfunction are observed. We propose to investigate the effects of robotic surgery on bladder and sphincter function through the comparative study of preoperative and postoperative urodynamic values 3 months after prostatectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study of 32 consecutive patients undergoing robotic prostatectomy. They all underwent urodynamic study one month before the intervention and 3 months after the radical prostatectomy. RESULTS: Twenty five percent of patients undergoing robotic prostatectomy showed detrusor hyperactivity accompanied by a decrease in bladder compliance of 30.2 to 21.8 ml/cmH2O. Urethral profile showed diminished functional length of 67 to 44 mm and decreased maximum urethral pressure of 48.5 to 29.3 cmH2O. After robotic prostatectomy 21.8% of patients had detrusor hypoactivity, obstruction decreased between 28.1% to 12.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased bladder compliance, detrusor hypo- or hyperactivity and obstruction improvement observed in the study of the flow pressure have been associated with sphincter involvement. It is part of the complex of lower urinary tract dysfunction that occurs after robotic prostatectomy.

Comparación del tiempo operatorio y complicaciones entre la pieloplastia laparoscópica convencional y robótica / Comparison of the Operation Time and Complications between Conventional and Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty

Objetivo: Comparar los diferentes tiempos en que podemos dividir la pieloplastia laparoscópica convencional y robótica. Comparar la tasa de complicaciones entre ambos procedimientos. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes diagnosticados de estenosis de la unión pieloureteral tratados mediante pieloplastia laparoscópica convencional y robótica con más de un año de seguimiento. Se han grabado y revisualizado todas las intervenciones. Se han medido los diferentes tiempos en que podemos dividir la pieloplastia. Se han recogido todas las complicaciones peri y postoperatorias presentadas por los pacientes. Se aplicaron las pruebas no paramétricas de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y la U de Mann-Whitney para muestras independientes utilizando un nivel de significación de 0.05. Resultados: Han sido válidos 50 pacientes, 33 tratados con laparoscopia convencional y 17 mediante laparoscopia robótica. El tiempo de sutura, tiempo total de la intervención y la estancia hospitalaria han sido menores con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la pieloplastia robótica. La pieloplastia robótica ha presentado menor porcentaje de complicaciones (76,5% vs. 48,5%). Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron las infecciones urinarias, en relación al doble J. Se han producido 2 reestenosis en la laparoscopia convencional y 1 en la robótica. Tasa de éxitos del 93,9% para la laparoscopia convencional y de 94,1% para la robótica. Conclusiones: Aunque la tasa de éxitos es similar en ambos procedimientos, la pieloplastia robótica es un procedimiento más rápido y tiene menos tasas de complicaciones que la laparoscopia convencional (AU)

Objective: To compare the different times into which the convention and robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty can be divided. To compare the rate of complications between both procedures. Material and methods: A retrospective study was performed of the patients diagnosed of pyeloureteral junction stenosis and treated with convention and robotic laparoscopic pyeloplasty with more than one year of follow-up. All of the interventions were recorded and visualized. The different times in which the pyeloplasty can be divided were measured. All of the peri- and post-operative complications that occurred by the patients were collected. The non-parametric tests of Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Mann-Whitney U-Test for independent samples were applied using a significance level of 0.05. Results: A total of 50 patients were validated. Thirty three were treated with convention laparoscopy and 17 with robotic laparoscopy. The suture time, total intervention time and time of hospital stay were lower with a statistically significant difference in the robotic-assisted pyeloplasty. The robotic pyeloplasty had a lower percentage of complications (76.5% vs 48.5%). The most frequent complications were urinary infections, in relationship to the double J. Two restenoses occurred in the conventional laparoscopy and one in the robotic-assisted. Success rate was 93.9% for the conventional laparoscopy and 94.1% for the robotic-assisted one. Conclusions: Although the success rate is similar in both procedures, the robotic pyeloplasty is a very fast procedure and has lower rates of complications than the conventional laparoscopy (AU)

[Comparison of the operation time and complications between conventional and robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty]. / Comparación del tiempo operatorio y complicaciones entre la pieloplastia laparoscópica convencional y robótica.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the different times into which the convention and robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty can be divided. To compare the rate of complications between both procedures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study was performed of the patients diagnosed of pyeloureteral junction stenosis and treated with convention and robotic laparoscopic pyeloplasty with more than one year of follow-up. All of the interventions were recorded and visualized. The different times in which the pyeloplasty can be divided were measured. All of the peri- and post-operative complications that occurred by the patients were collected. The non-parametric tests of Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Mann-Whitney U-Test for independent samples were applied using a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 50 patients were validated. Thirty three were treated with convention laparoscopy and 17 with robotic laparoscopy. The suture time, total intervention time and time of hospital stay were lower with a statistically significant difference in the robotic-assisted pyeloplasty. The robotic pyeloplasty had a lower percentage of complications (76.5% vs 48.5%). The most frequent complications were urinary infections, in relationship to the double J. Two restenoses occurred in the conventional laparoscopy and one in the robotic-assisted. Success rate was 93.9% for the conventional laparoscopy and 94.1% for the robotic-assisted one. CONCLUSIONS: Although the success rate is similar in both procedures, the robotic pyeloplasty is a very fast procedure and has lower rates of complications than the conventional laparoscopy.

[Effectiveness and tolerability of zoledronic acid in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer]. / Efectividad y tolerabilidad del acido zoledrónico en el tratamiento del cancer de próstata metastásico.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and tolerability of zoledronic acid in prostate cancer patients with bone metastases at the hormone-sensitive (HS) and hormone-independent (HI) stages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A nationwide, observational, prospective, open and multi-centre trial was devised, with a total of 218 male patients diagnosed with prostate cancer at the HS stage (36%) or HI stage (64%) who were administered zoledronic acid (4 mg/IV/month for 6 months) in addition to their specific oncological treatment. Effectiveness was assessed by the following means: 1) Assessment of the improvement in pain and mobility; 2) Incidence and time to onset of skeletal-related events (SREs) and 3) Analysis of bone markers. Tolerability was assessed by means of registering the number and type of adverse effects. A satisfaction survey was carried out amongst the patients after the end of the trial. RESULTS: Out of the 218 patients, 170 (78%) were evaluable for effectiveness. A decrease in pain ratings at rest and during movement was observed in all patients, whether in the HS or HI groups (p < 0.0001). Improved mobility was observed likewise (p = 0.005), as was quality of life. The global incidence of skeletal events was 11.2%, with a time to onset of SREs of 10.7 months. There were no significant differences observed between HS vs. HI patients. Osteolysis markers (N-telopeptide) decreased significantly with the treatment across both the HS and HI groups. For safety reasons. 212 patients were evaluable (97.2%). The incidence of adverse drug reactions was 16% (34/212) and was found to be significantly higher in HS patients (22.4%) compared with HI patients (11.9%). Overall, the tolerability of zoledronic acid was good, with no significant morbidity in either group (HS and HI). 66% of the patients reported feeling satisfied or very satisfied. CONCLUSIONS: Zoledronic acid proved effective in the relief of pain, improving mobility and quality of life as well as reducing or delaying the occurrence of skeletal-related events in prostate cancer patients presenting metastatic bone disease, regardless of the phase, whether HS or HI, they found themselves in. Tolerability and patient satisfaction were rates as good.

Efectividad y tolerabilidad del ácido zoledrónico en el tratamiento del cancer de próstata metastásico / Effectiveness and tolerability oz zoledronic acid in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer

Objetivos: Evaluar la efectividad y tolerabilidad del ácido zoledrónico en pacientes con cáncer de próstata y metástasis óseas en fase hormono sensible (HS) y hormono independiente (HI). Material y Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio de ámbito nacional, observacional, prospectivo, abierto, y multicéntrico, Se incluyeron un total de 218 varones diagnosticados de cáncer de próstata en fase HS (36%) o HI (64%) que recibieron, además del tratamiento oncológico específico, ácido zoledrónico (4 mg/IV/mes durante 6 meses). Se evaluó la efectividad mediante: 1) Evaluación de la mejoría del dolor y movilidad; 2) Incidencia y tiempo de aparición de eventos esqueléticos (TEE); y 3) Análisis de marcadores óseos. La tolerabilidad se estudió registrando el número y tipo de efectos adversos. Se realizó una encuesta de satisfacción al paciente tras finalizar el tratamiento. Resultados: De los 218 pacientes, 170 (78%) fueron evaluables para efectividad. En todos ellos, ya fueran del grupo HS o HI, se observó una disminución de la puntuación del dolor en reposo y en movimiento (p<0,0001), una mejora en la movilidad (p=0,005), y en la calidad de vida. La incidencia global de eventos esqueléticos fue del 11,2%, con un TEE de 10,7 meses. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los pacientes HS respecto a los HI. Los marcadores de osteolisis (N-telopéptido) descendieron significativamente con el tratamiento, tanto en los HS como HI. Para seguridad fueron evaluables 212 pacientes (97,2%). La incidencia de las reacciones adversas fue del 16% (34/212), siendo significativamente mayor en los pacientes HS (22,4%) con respecto a los HI (11,9%). Globalmente la tolerabilidad al ácido zoledrónico fue buena, sin morbilidad significativa entre ambos grupos (HS y HI).Un 66% de los pacientes contestaron sentirse satisfechos o muy satisfechos. Conclusiones: El ácido zoledrónico se mostró eficaz para aliviar el dolor, mejorar la movilidad y aumentar la calidad de vida y reducir o retrasarlos eventos esqueléticos en los pacientes con cáncer de próstata con enfermedad ósea metastásica sintomática, independientemente de la fase, HSo HI en que se encuentren. La tolerabilidad y la satisfacción de los pacientes fue buena (AU)

Objetives: To assess the effectiveness and tolerability of zoledronic acid in prostate cancer patients with bone metastases at the hormone-sensitive (HS) and hormone-independent (HI) stages. Materials and Methods: A nationwide, observational, prospective, open and multi-centre trial was devised, with a total of 218 male patients diagnosed with prostate cancer at the HS stage (36%) or HI stage (64%) who were administered zoledronic acid (4 mg/IV/month for 6 months) in addition to their specific oncological treatment. Effectiveness was assessed by the following means: 1) Assessment of the improvement in pain and mobility; 2) Incidence and time to onset of skeletal-related events (SREs) and 3) Analysis of bone markers. Tolerability was assessed by means of registering the number and type of adverse effects. A satisfaction survey was carried out amongst the patients after the end of the trial. Results: Out of the 218 patients, 170 (78%) were evaluable for effectiveness. A decrease in pain ratings at rest and during movement was observed in all patients, whether in the HS or HI groups (p<0,0001). Improved mobility was observed likewise (p=0,005), as was quality of life. The global incidence of skeletal events was 11.2%, with a time to onset of SREs of 10.7 months. There were no significant differences observed between HS vs. HI patients. Osteolysis markers (N-telopeptide) decreased significantly with the treatment across both the HS and HI groups. For safety reasons, 212 patients were evaluable (97.2%). The incidence of adverse drug reactions was 16% (34/212) and was found to be significantly higher in HS patients (22.4%) compared with HI patients (11.9%). Overall, the tolerability of zoledronic acid was good, with no significant morbidity in either group (HS and HI). 66% of the patients reported feeling satisfied or very satisfied. Conclusions: Zoledronic acid proved effective in the relief of pain, improving mobility and quality of life as well as reducing or delaying the occurrence of skeletal-related events in prostate cancer patients presenting metastatic bone disease, regardless of the phase, whether HS or HI, they found themselves in. Tolerability and patient satisfaction were rates as good (AU)

[Laparoscopic surgery training in pelvitrainer and virtual simulators]. / Aprendizaje de la cirugía laparoscópica en pelvitrainer y en simuladores virtuales.

Over the last few decades, there has been a rise in the number of minimally invasive techniques, such as arthroscopy, vascular radiology and our speciality, laparoscopy. Laparoscopy has resulted in a reduction in the damage caused during intervention, with the subsequent reduction in hospital stay, postoperative pain and infections. However, one disadvantage of these techniques is that they require a large investment in instruments and a long and costly training period. In the following chapter, we describe the laparoscopic training process of the medical residents from our Urology Service in the pelvitrainer and virtual simulator.

Aprendizaje de la cirugía laparoscópica en Pelvitrainer y en simuladores virtuales / Laparoscopic surgery training in pelvitrainer and virtual simulators

En las últimas décadas se han incrementado las técnicas quirúrgicas mínimamente invasivas, como la artroscopia, radiología vascular y en nuestra especialidad la laparoscopia. Con la laparoscopia se ha reducido el daño causado durante la intervención, con la consiguiente disminución del periodo de hospitalización, el dolor postoperatorio y las infecciones. Sin embargo estas técnicas presentan el inconveniente de requerir grandes inversiones en instrumental y un periodo de entrenamiento más largo y costoso. En el siguiente capítulo repasamos el proceso de aprendizaje laparoscópico realizado en el pelvitrainer y en el simulador virtual por parte de los residentes de nuestro Servicio de Urología

Over the last few decades, there has been a rise in the number of minimally invasive techniques, such as arthroscopy, vascular radiology and our speciality, laparoscopy. Laparoscopy has resulted in a reduction in the damage caused during intervention, with the subsequent reduction in hospital stay, postoperative pain and infections. However, one disadvantage of these techniques is that they require a large investment in instruments and a long and costly training period. In the following chapter, we describe the laparoscopic training process of the medical residents from our Urology Service in the pelvitrainer and virtual simulator

[Giant stone in a Bricker urinary diversion. Obstruction uropathy as the presenting form]. / Litiasis gigante en derivación urinaria tipo Bricker. Uropatía obstructiva como forma de presentación.

Bowel is used in urological surgery to replace the bladder, either as a conduit to drain urine to the abdominal wall as a urinary stoma or refashioned to form a substitute bladder. Many factors contribute to stone formation, being urinary stasis, mucus production and bacteriuria the most important. Metabolic changes induced by exposure of segments of the alimentary tract to urine promote struvite, calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stone formation. Generally, the majority of patients with stones in a urinary diversion can be treated with minimally invasive techniques. Open surgical removal is considered when other modality of treatments cannot be accomplished safely and expeditiously.

Litiasis gigante en derivación urinaria tipo bricker. Uropatía obstructiva como forma de presentación / Giant stone in bricker urinary diversion presenting as obstructive uropathy

El intestino es usado en cirugía urológica para sustituir la vejiga a modo de un conducto que drene orina a la pared abdominal o remodelado para formar una vejiga de sustitución o ampliación. Muchos factores contribuyen a la formación de litiasis siendo los más importantes el éstasis urinario, producción de moco y la bacteriuria. Las alteraciones metabólicas inducidas por la exposición de segmentos intestinales en el tracto urinario promueve la formación de cálculos de estruvita, oxalato cálcico y fosfato cálcico. Generalmente, la mayoría de pacientes con litiasis en derivaciones urinarias, pueden ser tratados con técnicas mínimamente invasivas. La extracción mediante cirugía abierta es considerada cuando otras modalidades de tratamiento no pueden ser efectuadas de forma segura y expeditiva (AU)

Bowel is used in urological surgery to replace the bladder, either as a conduit to drain urine to the abdominal wall as a urinary stoma or refashioned to form a substitute bladder. Many factors contribute to stone formation, being urinary stasis, mucus production and bacteriuria the most important. Metabolic changes induced by exposure of segments of the alimentary tract to urine promote struvite, calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stone formation. Generally, the majority of patients with stones in a urinary diversion can be treated with minimally invasive techniques. Open surgical removal is considered when other modality of treatments cannot be accomplished safely and expediously (AU)